English
Język Polski
Experimental and numerical verification of the standard procedure for determining the load capacity of GFRP composite lighting columns
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24425/ace.2025.153340Abstract
The main objective of the research was to validate the method for determining the load capacity of GFRP composite lighting columns under horizontal loads according to the EN 40-3-3:2013 standard. The work involved developing a numerical model of GFRP composite columns with an inspection hole while accounting for the columns’ nonlinear behaviour before the failure phase. The model was verified by testing 11 GFRP lighting columns on a natural scale and material testing of the composite. A calculation method was used in accordance with the standards EN 40-3-3:2013 and EN-40-7:2002 to determine their bending resistance. It was discovered that the load capacity estimated experimentally is two to three times less than the load capacity estimated using the standard’s procedure. Also, the load capacity calculated based on the developed numerical model of the column is about 2.5 times lower than the characteristic load capacity calculated based on the currently applicable standard procedure. The analysis of the standard design procedure shows that the inspection opening is treated only as a local reduction of the cross-section, reducing the yield modulus. However, the possibility of buckling the walls in the inspection opening area is not taken into account. It means that the standard procedure for determining the bending resistance of composite columns has not been adapted to the actual behaviour of composite columns with inspection openings. Developed numerical model of a lighting pole with an unreinforced inspection opening accurately assesses the capacity of such poles for use in scientific and design practice.References
[1] D. Di Vito, M. Kanerva, J. Järveläinen, A. Laitinen, T. Pärnänen, K. Saari, K. Kukko, H. Hämmäinen, and V. Vuorinen, “Safe and Sustainable Design of Composite Smart Poles for Wireless Technologies”, Applied Sciences, vol. 10, no. 21, art. no. 7594, 2020, doi: 10.3390/app10217594.
[2] “Lamp Posts”, StrunoBet Migacz. [Online]. Available: https://strunobet.com/lamp-posts. [Accessed: 10 May 2023].
[3] M. Broniewicz, E. Broniewicz, K. Dec, and S. Lubas, “Barriers to sustainable composite poles adoption in infrastructure”, Economics and Environment, vol. 77, no. 2, pp. 27-38, 2021, doi: 10.34659/2021/2/10.
[4] M. Broniewicz, F. Broniewicz, and E. Broniewicz, “A Full-Scale Experimental Investigation of Utility Poles Made of Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer”, Materials, vol. 14, no. 23, art. no. 7398, 2021, doi: 10.3390/ma14237398.
[5] EN 40-3-3:2013 Lighting columns Design and verification. Verification by calculation.
[6] E.J. Barbero and I.G. Raftoyiannis, “Local Buckling of FRP Beams and Columns”, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 339-355, 1993, doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(1993)5:3(339).
[7] Z.M. Lin, Analysis of Pole-Type Structures of Fibre Reinforced Plastics by Finite Element Method. University of Manitoba, 1995.
[8] D. Polyzois, I.G. Raftoyiannis, and S. Ibrahim, “Finite elements method for the dynamic analysis of tapered composite poles”, Composite Structures, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 25-34, 1998, doi: 10.1016/S0263-8223(98)00088-9.
[9] R. Masmoudi and S. Metiche, “Full-Scale Flexural Testing on Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Poles”, The Open Civil Engineering Journal, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 37-50, 2007, doi: 10.2174/1874149500701010037.
[10] P. Wysmulski, K. Falkowicz, and P. Filipek, “Buckling state analysis of compressed composite plates with cut-out”, Composite Structures, vol. 274, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2021.114345.
[11] EN 40-7:2002 Lighting columns Requirements for fibre reinforced polymer composite lighting columns.
[12] EN 40-3-1:2013 Lighting columns - Part 3-1: Design and verification - Specification for characteristic loads.
[13] EN 40-3-2:2014 Lighting columns - Part 3-2: Design and verification - Verification by testing.
[14] M. Sandberg, O. Yuksel, R.B. Comminal, M.R. Sonne, M. Jabbari, M. Larsen, F.B. Salling, I. Baran, J. Spangenberg, J.H. Hattel, “Numerical modeling of the mechanics of pultrusion”, in Mechanics of Materials in Modern Manufacturing Methods and Processing Techniques, V. Silberschmidt, Ed. Elsevier, 2020, pp. 173-195, doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-818232-1.00006-0
[15] J. Rakowski and P. Wielentejczyk, “Dynamics of Reissner-Mindlin plate strips by FEM”, Vibrations in Physical Systems, vol. 20, pp. 250-251, 2002.
[16] STATISTICA v. 13.0. [Online]. Available: https://statistica.software.informer.com/13.0/.
[17] ISO 2602:1980 Statistical interpretation of test results - Estimation of the mean - Confidence interval.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
