Impact of the Moulding Parameters on Flowability of Bentonite-Bonded-Green Sand Mould
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24425/afe.2026.157996Abstract
Compactability of the green sand, water content, and parameters of the moulding machine of the pressing speed, and compaction force have an influence on the sand moulding process. These parameters of the moulding machine and moulding material were examined to determine the appropriate factors to make bentonite-bonded green sand mould have a good flowability around the pattern. In the current work, flowability of the green sand was measured based on non-destructive flowability test using a new sand motion detection sensor flowability measurement during the pressing process of the green sand supports finding the optimal compaction time without wasting of the consumed energy for the compaction process. The results obtained of time-dependent-flowability shows that 26% compactability, and 4.17% water content gives highest flowability during compaction of the green sand by using 36 mm/s of the pressing speed. It was found that flowability of the green sand increases as a result of increasing of speed of the pressing machine.
References
[1] Ammen, C.W. (2000). Metal Casting. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional.
[2] Benson, C.H. & Bradshaw, S. (2011). User guideline for foundry sand in green infrastructure construction. Research Report, Recycled Materials Resource Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, (WI 53706).
[3] T. S. Piwonka, (1988). Aggregate Molding Materials, In Metals handbook (9th ed., Vol. 15, Casting, pp. 208–211). ASM International.
[4] Boljanovic, V. (2010). Metal shaping processes: Casting and molding, particulate processing, deformation processes, and metal removal. Industrial Press.
[5] Strobl, S.M., Schuster, F.W. (1997). Gauge Green Sand Flowability Helps to Predict Mould Quality. Modern Casting. 87(4), 48- 50.
[6] Ridsdale & Co. Ltd. (n.d.). Foundry sand testing equipment operating instructions (Metric). Middlesbrough, England: Ridsdale & Co. Ltd.,
[7] Bala, K.C, (2005). Design analysis and testing of sand muller for foundry application. AU Journal of Technology. 2(3), 153-157.
[8] Dietert, H.W., Graham, A.L., Dakaiewicz, R.T. & Hanna, T.H. (1962). Moldability and Mold Control-a New Approach. AFS Transactions. 70, 537-547.
[9] Hofmann, F. & Dietert, H.W. (1970). Compactability testing a new approach in sand research. AFS Transactions. 77, 134-170.
[10] Moore, W.H. (1950). Flowability of molding sand. AFS Transactions. 46, 650-660.
[11] Hofmann, F. (1975). Tongebundene Formsande (VDG-Taschenbücher, Band 2). Düsseldorf, Germany: Gießerei-Verlag GmbH. (in German)
[12] Fairfieid, H.H. & McConachie, J. (1953). Effect of sand flowability on casting surface finish. AFS Transactions. 61, 574-579.
[13] Dietert, W. & Valtier, F. (1934). Flowability of moulding sand. AFS Transactions. 42, 199-210.
[14] Kyle, P.E. (1940). Flowability of moulding sands. AFS Transactions. 48, 175-192.
[15] Buchanan, W.Y. (1940-1941). Proceedings of the Institute of British Foundrymen. 34, 125-144. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/4341092
[16] Orlov, G.M. (1964). Influence of fowability on mould squeeze process and method of flowability determination. Litiejnoje Proizvodstwo. 1(8).
[17] Levelink, H.G., van den Berg, H. & Frank, E. (1975). Kriterien der sandqualität für moderne formanlagen. Gießerei. 62(1), 1-5. (in German).
[18] Khan, R.H., Mahadevan, N.S. & Seshadri, M.R. (1972). Some studies on the flowability of moulding sand. Journal of the Indian Institute of Science. 54(4), 194-210.
[19] Mais, V., Guesser, W.L. & Masiero, I. (2014). Study on the flowability of the green sand molding. Revista Matéria. 19(2), 94-104. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-70762014000200004
[20] Abdulamer, D. & Kadauw, A. (2019). Development of mathematical relationships for calculating material-dependent flowability of green molding sand. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance. 28(7), 3394-4001. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-019-04089-w. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-019-04089-w
[21] Abdulamer, D. & Kadauw, A. (2024). Experimental and numerical evaluation of the green sand compaction process. Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly. 64(4), 2696-2707. https://doi.org/10.1080/00084433.2025.2452053. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00084433.2025.2452053
[22] Bast, J. (2013). A new method for Measurement of flowability of green moulding sand. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 58(3), 945-952. DOI: 10.2478/amm-2013-0107. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/amm-2013-0107
[23] Abdulamer, D. (2021). Investigation of flowability of the green sand mould by remote control of portable flowability sensor. Archives of Materials Science and Engineering. 112(2), 70-76. DOI:10.5604/01.3001.0015.6289. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.6289
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Archives of Foundry Engineering
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
