The Influence of the Thermodynamic Equilibrium Model of the Fe-M-C-N System on the Results of Calculations of Carbonitride Precipitation Kinetics
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24425/afe.2026.158006Abstract
The microalloying elements such as: Ti, Nb, V are added into steels to control their microstructure and mechanical properties. High chemical affinity of these elements for interstitials (N, C) results in precipitation of binary compounds, nitrides and carbides and products of their mutual solubility product – carbonitrides. Influence of carbonitrides on the microstructure and mechanical properties depends on their basic stereological parameters: volume fraction, VVvv, and their size, rr. Proper analysis of the carbonitride precipitation kinetics and the influence of the steel chemical composition on the parameters of M(C,N) carbonitride precipitates formed under isothermal conditions and on the precipitation hardening effect is important in the process of modelling the microstructure and mechanical properties of microalloyed steels. The paper presents a comparison of two thermodynamic equilibrium models: Adrian and Maugis-Gouné, and their impact on the results of calculations of carbonitride precipitation kinetics.
References
[1] Goldschmidt, H.J. (1967). Interstitial Alloys. London: Butterworths. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-5880-8
[2] Adrian, H. (1992). Thermodynamic model for precipitation of carbonitrides in high strength low alloy steels containing up to three microalloying elements with or without additions of aluminium. Materials Science and Technology. 8(5), 406-420. https://doi.org/10.1179/mst.1992.8.5.406. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1179/mst.1992.8.5.406
[3] Liu, W. & Jonas, J.J. (1989). Calculation of the Ti(CyN1-y) - Ti4C2S2 - MnS austenite equilibrium in Ti-bearing steels. Metallurgical Transactions A. 20A, 1361-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02665494. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02665494
[4] Roberts, W., Sandberg, A. (1980). The composition of V(C, N) as precipitated in HSLA steels microalloyed with vanadium. Report IM -1489, Swedish Institute for Metals Research.
[5] Speer, J.G., Michael, J.R. & Hansen, S.S. (1987). Carbonitride precipitation in niobium/vanadium microalloyed steels. Metallurgical Transactions A. 18A, 211-222. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02825702. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02825702
[6] Adrian, H., Augustyn-Pieniążek, J., Marynowski, P. & Matusiewicz, P. (2014). The kinetic model of the carbonitrides precipitation process in microalloyed steels. Hutnik-Wiadomości Hutnicze. 81(4), 208-214. (in Polish).
[7] Adrian, H. (2011). Numerical modelling of heat treatment processes. Kraków: Wydawnictwa AGH. (in Polish).
[8] Gladman, T. (1997). The physical metallurgy of microalloyed steels. London: Institute of Materials.
[9] Marynowski, P., Adrian, H. & Głowacki, M. (2019). Modeling of the kinetics of carbonitride precipitation process in high-strength low-alloy steels using cellular automata method. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance. 28(7), 4018-4025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-019-04170-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-019-04170-4
[10] Marynowski, P., Adrian, H. & Głowacki, M. (2018). Cellular automata model of carbonitrides precipitation process in steels. Computer Methods in Materials Science. 18(4), 120-128. ISSN (1641-8581). DOI: https://doi.org/10.7494/cmms.2018.4.0622
[11] Marynowski, P. (2025). Computational system to predict the mechanical properties of HSLA steels used in reinforcement industry. Issues of Armament Technology. 172(1), 25-43. (in Polish). DOI:10.5604/01.3001.0055.0832. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0055.0832
[12] Marynowski, P., Hojny, M. & Dębiński, T. (2023). The effect of microalloying (Nb, V) and interstitial (C, N) elements on mechanical properties of microalloyed steels. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 23(4), 127-136. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2023.146687. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24425/afe.2023.146687
[13] Adrian H. (1995). The thermodynamic model for precipitation process in high strength low alloyed steels (HSLA) with application to hardenability studies. AGH Kraków. (in Polish).
[14] Marynowski, P., (2021). Modelling of the kinetics of carbonitride precipitation process in high-strength low-alloy steels using cellular automata method. Doctoral Dissertation, AGH Kraków. (in Polish).
[15] Maugis, P. & Goune, M. (2005). Kinetics of vanadium carbonitride precipitation in steel: A computer model. Acta Materialia. 53, 3359-3367. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2005.03.036. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2005.03.036
[16] Wagner, R. & Kampmann, R. (1991). Material science and technology: a comprehensive treatment. Jon Wille & Sons Inc.
[17] Maugis, P., Goune, M., Barges, P., Dougnac, D., Ravaine, D., Lamberigts, M., Siwecki, T. & Bi, Y. (2003). A model for niobium carbonitride precipitation in ferrite. Materials Science Forum. 426-432, 1313-1318. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.426-432.1313
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Archives of Foundry Engineering
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
