Magnetohydrodynamic boundary layer flow of copper and silver nanofluids over a permeable moving plate in a porous medium

Abstract

This study investigates the flow and heat transfer characteristics of copper (Cu) and silver (Ag) nanofluids over a permeable, moving flat plate embedded in a porous medium under the influence of a uniform magnetic field. Key effects such as thermal radiation, viscous dissipation, nanoparticle volume fraction, and suction/injection are incorporated into the model. The governing partial differential equations are reduced to ordinary differential equations using similarity transformations and solved numerically via the Runge-Kutta fourth-order method with a shooting technique. Results reveal that Ag-water nanofluid exhibits a higher temperature profile, whereas Cu-water shows greater skin friction and heat transfer rates. Velocity decreases with increasing magnetic field strength, porosity, volume fraction, and suction/injection parameters. Thermal boundary layer thickness increases with magnetic and porosity parameters but decreases with stronger suction. The Nusselt number increases with nanoparticle concentration, and temperature rises with higher viscous dissipation but decreases with thermal radiation.