Numerical study on nozzle group atomization cooling: effects of pressure, tilt angle and spacing on enhanced heat transfer
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24425/ather.2025.154913Abstract
This study investigates the improved heat transfer process of multi-nozzle arrangements through numerical analysis. A discrete phase based numerical model is developed to analyse the secondary atomization and heat transfer characteristics under different conditions. The effects of pressure, spacing and tilt angle of the nozzle group on the atomization cooling performance are evaluated. The results indicate that increasing the pressure can significantly improve the heat transfer capacity. The higher the pressure, the lower the hot wall temperatures and the higher the heat transfer coefficient. The nozzle tilt angle also has a significant impact. The heat transfer performance for a 30° tilt angle is optimal, while for a 15° tilt angle is poor. Increasing the number of nozzles can improve the cooling to a limited extent. In addition, nozzle spacing will affect temperature distribution, thereby achieving optimal cooling at intermediate distances. The results can provide valuable insights for optimizing multi-nozzle configurations of efficient heat transfer in industrial applications.References
[1] Khandekar, S., Jaiswal, A.K., & Sahu, G. (2022). Spray cooling: From droplet dynamics to system level perspectives. Advances in Heat Transfer, 54, 135–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aiht.2022.07.002
[2] Li, W., Zheng, Y., Shao, H., Wang, X., Chen, X., & Gao, Y. (2024). Experimental and numerical simulation studies on atomization characteristics of internal mixing nozzle. Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration, 41(2), 1099–1120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42461-024-00955-x
[3] Mertens, R.G., Chow, L., Sundaram, K.B., Cregger, R.B., Rini, D.P., Turek, L., & Saarloos, B.A. (2007). Spray cooling of IGBT devices. Journal of Electronic Packaging, 129(3), 316–323. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2753937
[4] Zhang, H., Li, Y., Mao, Y., Tian, S., Liu, Y., & Yang, L. (2015). Optimization design of a closed-loop spray cooling system. IEEE AIM Conference, 324–329. https://doi.org/10.1109/AIM.2015.7222552
[5] Pang, L.P., Luo, K., Guo, Q., Li, S.X., & Yang, C. (2017). Numerical study of high-overload effect on spray cooling liquid film. Applied Thermal Engineering, 127, 1015–1024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.07.209
[6] Zheng, D., & Wang, M. (2022). Measurement of spray droplet velocity and size distribution. IEEE I2MTC, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/I2MTC48687.2022.9806586
[7] Majhool, A.A.A.K., & Jasim, N.M. (2020). Prediction of drop size and velocity in cryogenic spray. International Journal of Heat and Technology, 38(3), 629–640. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijht.380307
[8] Pautsch, A.G., & Shedd, T.A. (2006). Liquid film thickness during spray cooling. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 49(15–16), 2610–2618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2006.01.024
[9] Selvam, R.P., Hamilton, M., & Silk, E.A. (2007). Spray cooling modeling and liquid film thickness effect. AIP Conference Proceedings, 880(1), 110–117. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2437447
[10] Liu, L., Wang, X., Ge, M., & Zhao, Y. (2021). Heat transfer and power consumption of spray cooling. Applied Thermal Engineering, 184, 116253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.116253
[11] Li, J.X., Li, Y.Z., Li, E.H., & Li, T. (2020). Thermodynamic characteristics of liquid film in spray cooling. Entropy, 22(3), 308. https://doi.org/10.3390/e22030308
[12] Zhang, Z., Hu, D., Li, Q., Liu, C., & Zhou, F. (2021). Atomization and heat transfer of flash spray cooling. Science China Technological Sciences, 64(10), 2099–2109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11431-021-1853-4
[13] Hsieh, S.S., & Tsai, H.H. (2006). Thermal and flow measurements of cryogenic spray cooling. Archives of Dermatological Research, 298(2), 82–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-006-0663-3
[14] Sapit, A., Razali, M.A., Mohammed, A.N., Manshoor, B., Khalid, A., Salleh, H., & Hushim, M.F. (2019). Mist nozzle spray characteristics for cooling. International Journal of Integrated Engineering, 11(3), 299–303. https://doi.org/10.30880/ijie.2019.11.03.033
[15] Durmuş, A., Durmuş, A., & Esen, M. (2002). Heat transfer in concentric heat exchanger with snail entrance. Applied Thermal Engineering, 22(3), 321–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-4311(01)00078-3
[16] Abbasi, B., & Kim, J. (2011). Pressure-based spray cooling heat transfer correlation. Journal of Heat Transfer, 133(5), 052201. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4002779
[17] Oflaz, F., Keklikcioglu, O., & Ozceyhan, V. (2022). Thermal performance of nanofluid with wire inserts. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 38, 102378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2022.102378
[18] Cheng, W.L., Liu, Q.N., Zhao, R., & Fan, H.L. (2010). Experimental investigation of spray cooling parameters. Heat and Mass Transfer, 46(8–9), 911–921. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-010-0631-5
[19] Wang, Y., Liu, M., & Liu, D. (2017). Heat transfer performance of spray cooling under low mass flux. Journal of Engineering Thermophysics, 31(6), 1027–1030. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11630-017-1015-4
[20] Hou, Y. (2019). Experimental and numerical study of multi-nozzle spray cooling. Journal of Engineering Thermophysics, 40(4), 678–683. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11630-019-1127-7
[21] Muthukrishnan, S., Tan, X., & Srinivasan, V. (2023). High-efficiency spray cooling of rough surfaces. Applied Thermal Engineering, 221, 119764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.119764
[22] Liao, Y., Sakman, A.T., Jeng, S.M., Jog, M.A., & Benjamin, M.A. (1999). Model to predict simplex atomizer performance. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 121(2), 285–294. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2817119
[23] Si, C., Shao, S., & Tian, C. (2018). Experimental study on integrated refrigeration-spray cooling system. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 38(1), 44–48. https://doi.org/10.3788/CJL20113801.0102008
