Advances in the Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology of the Dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) Brain and Spinal Cord
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24425/pjvs.2026.3613Abstract
The dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) represents a remarkable model of physiological and anatomical adaptation to extreme environments. While many researchers have focused on its unique metabolic and water-conserving abilities, the neuroscience underlying these adaptations are noticeable unexplored. This study reviews the latest findings in the anatomy, histology, and embryology of the dromedary nervous system. It highlights the gross and comparative neuroanatomy, emphasizing distinctive features of the central, peripheral and autonomic nervous systems, including the complex cerebral vasculature. Histological studies demonstrate a diverse array of neuronal and glial cell types in the caudate nucleus, cerebellum and spinal trigeminal nucleus, reflecting advanced neural processing. Furthermore, embryological investigations trace the development of the nervous system from neurulation and the formation of brain vesicles. Finally, this review connects these neurobiological features to the camel’s unique adaptations, such as thermoregulation and pain perception, and discusses the implications of emerging technologies such as nanobody-based therapies derived from camelids for treating neurological disorders. This comprehensive overview underscores the camel as a vital subject for neuroscientific research, offering novel perspectives on neural structure, function and evolution in response to environmental pressures.
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