Introduction to structural design of glass according to current European standards

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24425/ace.2022.140634

Abstract

Glass is a material commonly used in construction. The development of technology related to it, and the increase in knowledge concerning its mechanical and strength properties offer opportunities for glass to be applied as a structural material. The advancement in glass structures, methods for their design, as well as guidelines and standards in this fields are being developed in parallel. This article describes the main assumptions contained in the German TRxV guidelines, the series of German DIN 18008 standards, and the European EN 16612, and EN 16613 standard. Moreover, the following article presents the concept of structural glass design included in the draft pre-standard prCEN/TS 19100, which provides the basis for the formulation of the European standard Eurocode 10. According to this pre-standard, structural elements of glass will be verified in four limit states, depending on the Limit State Scenario (LSS). Apart from the classic limit states, i.e., the ultimate limit state (ULS), and the serviceability limit state (SLS), it is also assumed to introduce a fracture limit state (FLS), and post-fracture limit state (PFLS). The article also addresses the issue of laminated glass working in structural elements. Depending on the coupling between the glass panes and the polymer or ionomer interlayers, laminated glass can be divided into complete coupled or uncoupled, and can work in intermediate situations. The methods for determining the effective thickness contained in European standards and guidelines are discussed in this article.

References

[1] C.J. De Lima, F. Veer, O. Çopuroglu, R. Nijsee, “Advancements and Challenges in Glass Concepts, Manufacturing and Applications”, presented at 13th International Congress on Advances in Civil Engineering, 12-14 Sep. 2018, Izmir, 2018.

[2] Ch. Schittisch, “Glass Pavilion at Broadfield House in Kingswinford Architecture”, in Auf Den Zweiten Blick / Architecture and the Test of Time, K. Arima, et. al. Munich: Detail, 2012.

[3] M. Marchewka, “Advances in the Use of Structural Glass”, in Challenging Glass 2: Conference on Architectural and Structural Applications on Glass, J. Bos, Ch. Louter, R. Veer, Eds. Delf, 2010.

[4] J. O’Callaghan, “Adventures with Structural Glass”, Glass Performance Days, South Africa, 2012.

[5] Ch. Bedon, M. Santarsiero, “Transparency in Structural Glass Transparency Via Mechanical Adhesive and Laminated Connections - Existing Research and Developments”, Advanced Engineering Materials, 2018, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 1-18, DOI: 10.1002/adem.201700815.

[6] M. Teich. Ch. Bauchinger, “Aktuelle Entwicklungen und Konstruktionstechniken für Glasfassaden”, Bautechnik, 2020, vol. 97, pp. 338-343, DOI: 10.1002/bate.202000014.

[7] A. Józwik, “O możliwościach zastosowania szkła w elementach konstrukcyjnych”, Inżynieria i Budownictwo, 2017, vol. 9, pp. 459-462.

[8] TU0905 - Structural Glass - Novel design methods and next generation products. [Online]. Available: https://www.cost.eu/actions/TU0905/. [Accessed: 10.07.2021].

[9] M. Feldman, R. Kasper, et al., Guidance for European Structural Design of Glass Components. 2014.

[10] M. Kozłowski, Balustrady szklane. Analizy doświadczalne obliczeniowe, podstawy projektowania. Gliwice: Wydawnictwo Politechniki Śląskiej, 2019.

[11] H. Zobel, “Normalizacja w procesie projektowania w budownictwie”. [Online]. Available: https://www.piib.org.pl/aktualnosci/informacje-biezace/4472-normalizacja-w-procesie-projektowania-w-budownictwie. [Accessed: 10.07.2021].

[12] M. Haldimann, A. Luible, M. Overen, Structural use of glass. Zürich: IABSE, 2008.

[13] N.I. Min’ko, V.M. Nartsev, “Factors Affecting the Strength of the Glass”, Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 2013, vol. 18, no. 11, pp. 1616-1624.

[14] A.A. Griffith, “The phenomena of rupture and flow in solids”, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 1921, vol. 221, no. 582-593, DOI: 10.1098/rsta.1921.0006.

[15] EN 572-1:2012+A1:2016 Glass in building - Basic soda lime silicate glass products - Part 1: Definitions and general physical and mechanical properties.

[16] EN 1863-1:2011 Glass in building - Heat strengthened soda lime silicate glass - Part 1: Definition and description.

[17] EN 12150-1:2015+A1:2019 Glass in building - Thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass - Part 1: Definition and description.

[18] EN 12337-1:2000 Glass in building - Chemically strengthened soda lime silicate glass - Part 1: Definition and description.

[19] M. Martin, X. Centelles, A. Solé, C. Barreneche, A.I. Fernández, L.F. Cabeza, “Polymeric interlayer materials for laminated glass: A review”, Construction and Building Materials, 2020, vol. 230, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.116897.

[20] J. Schneider, “Performance Comparision of Structural Interlayers”, in Challenging Glass 6: Conference on Architectural and Structural Applications on Glass, Ch. Louter, et al., Eds., 2018, vol. 6, DOI: 10.7480/cgc.6.2202.

[21] Trosifol® Architectural Glazing for architects, designers, engineers and consultants. [Online]. Available: https://www.trosifol.com/fileadmin/user_upload/TROSIFOL/support/downloads/product_brochures/pdf_documents/architecture/Trosifol_SentryGlas_Architectural-Glazing.pdf. [Accessed: 10.07.2021].

[22] SentryGlas® Ionoplast Interlayer. [Online]. Available: https://www.trosifol.com/fileadmin/user_upload/technical_information/downloads/sentryglas/150129_Kuraray_TM_Datenblatt_SG.pdf. [Accessed:10.07.2021].

[23] W.M. Stevels, P.D. Haene, P. Zhang, S. Haldeman, “A Comparison of Different Methodologies for PVB Interlayer Modulus Characterization”, in Challenging Glass 5: Conference on Architectural and Structural Applications on Glass, vol. 5, J. Belis, F. Bos, Ch. Louter, Eds. Ghent, 2016, DOI: 10.7480/cgc.5.2266.

[24] W.M. Stevels, “PVB Interlayer Modulus Properties in Contemporary European Standards”, Glass Performance Days. Tampere, 2019, pp. 56-60.

[25] M. Gwózdź, Konstrukcje szklane i aluminiowo-szklane. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Politechniki Krakowskiej, 2020.

[26] J. Belis, J. Depauw, D. Callewaert, D. Delincé, R. Van Impe, “Failure mechanisms and residual capacity of annealed glass/SGP laminated beams at room temperature”, Engineering Failure Analysis, 2009, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 1866-1875, DOI: 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2008.09.023.

[27] A. Kott, “Zum Trag- und Resttragverhalten von Verbundsicherheitsglas”, Doctoral Thesis ETH Zürich, 2006, Prof. T. Vogel, Prof. Dr. K. Begmeister, DOI: 10.3929/ethz-a-005170632.

[28] G. Siebert, “Aktueller Stand der Glasnormung”, Stahlabu, 2015, vol. 84, no. S1, pp. 21-29, DOI: 10.1002/stab.201590079.

[29] T. Wüest, A. Luible, “Glass Design in Switzerland”, in Challenging Glass 7, vol. 7, J. Belis, F. Bos, Ch. Louter, Eds. Ghent, 2020, DOI: 10.7480/cgc.7.4610.

[30] TRLV Technische Regeln für die Verwendung von linienförmig gelagerten Verglasungen (Technical rules for the use of glazing with linear supports), DIBt, August 2006.

[31] TRPV Technische Regeln für die Bemessung und Ausführung punktförmig gelagerter Verglasungen (Technical rules for the use of glazing with supports at individual points), DIBt, August 2006.

[32] TRAV Technische Regeln für die Verwendung von absturzsichernden Verglasungen (Technical rules for the use of safety-barier glazing), DIBt, January 2003.

[33] A. Haese, G. Siebert, “DIN 18008 - Experience after one year of applying the new German glass design standard”, in Challenging Glass 5: Conference on Architectural and Structural Applications on Glass, J. Belis, F. Bos, Ch. Louter, Eds. Ghent, 2016, DOI: 10.7480/cgc.5.2288.

[34] DIN 18008-1:2010-12 (currently DIN 18008-1:2020-05) Glass in building - Design and construction rules - Part 1: Terms and general bases.

[35] DIN 18008-2:2010-12 (currently DIN 18008-1:2020-05) Glass in building - Design and construction rules - Part 2: Linearly supported glazing.

[36] DIN 18008-3:2013-07 Glass in building - Design and construction rules - Part 3: Point fixed glazing.

[37] DIN 18008-4:2013-07 Glass in building - Design and construction rules - Part 4: Additional requirement for safety-barrier glazing.

[38] DIN 18008-5:2013-07 Glass in building - Design and construction rules - Part 5: Additional requirement for walk-on glazing.

[39] DIN 18008-6:2018-02 Glass in building - Design and construction rules - Part 6: Additional requirement for walk-on glazing in case of maintenance procedures and for fall-through glazing.

[40] G. Siebert, “Comparison of IGU-design according to German and European Standards”, Engineered Transparency 2018: Glass in Architectural Engineering, 2018, vol. 2, no. 5-6, pp. 81-92, DOI: 10.1002/cepa.912.

[41] G. Siebert, M. Botz, M.A. Kraus, “Comparison of LSG-design according to German and European Standards”, in: Engineered Transparency 2018. Glass in Architecture and Structural Engineering, J. Schneider, B. Weller, Eds. Berlin: Ernst und Sohn, 2018, vol. 2, no. 5-6, pp. 93-102, DOI: 10.1002/cepa.913.

[42] A. Piekarczuk, “Projektowanie konstrukcji ze szkła budowlanego. Dokumenty normatywne”, Budownictwo i Prawo, 2018, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 10-13.

[43] M. Feldmann, P. Di Biase, “The CEN-ST "Structural Glass - Design and Construction" as pre-standard for the Eurocode”, Ce/papers, 2018, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 73-82, DOI: 10.1002/cepa.1001.

[44] CEN/TS 19100-1:2021 Design of glass structures - Part 1: Basis of design and materials.

[45] CEN/TS 19100-2:2021 Design of glass structures - Part 2: Design of out-of-plane loaded glass components.

[46] CEN/TS 19100-3:2021 Design of glass structures - Part 3: Design of in-plane loaded glass components and their mechanics joints.

[47] EN 1990:2002+A1:2005 Eurocode - Basis of structural design.

[48] EN16612:2019 Glass in building - Determination of the lateral load resistance of glass panes by calculation.

[49] EN 1991 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures.

[50] P. Foraboschi, “Analytical modeling to predict thermal shock failure and maximum temperature gradients of a glass panel”, Material & Design, 2017, vol. 134, pp. 301-319, DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2017.08.021.

[51] J. Schijve, Fatigue of Structures and Materials. Dordrecht: Springer, 2009.

[52] N. Pourmoghaddam, J. Schneider, “Finite-element analysis of the residual stresses in tempered glass plates with holes or cut-outs”, Glass Structural Engineering, 2018, no. 3, pp. 17-37, DOI: 10.1007/s40940-018-0055-z.

[53] G. Šaučiuvenas, T. Gečys, A. Mudrov, L. Ustinovichius, Cz. Miedzialowski, “The analysis of stress distribution in tempered structural glass with stress concentrators under tension and compression”, Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, 2020, vol.20, no. 3, pp. 66-77, DOI: 10.1007/s43452-020-00067-5.

[54] EN 13830:2015+A1:2020 Curtatin walling - Product standard.

[55] J. Kuntsche, M. Schuster, J. Schneider, “Engineering design of laminated safety glass considering the shear coupling: a review”, Glass Structural Engineering, 2019, vol. 4, pp. 209-228, DOI: 10.1007/s40940-019-00097-3.

[56] EN 16613:2019 Glass in building - Laminate glass and laminated safety glass - Determination of interlayer viscoelastic properties.

[57] M.A. Kraus, M. Botz, G. Siebert, “Structural Design of Laminated Glass Under Consideration of the Shear Coupling According to German, European an US Standards”, Conference paper GlassCon Global, Chicago, 2018.

[58] L. Galuppi, G. Royer-Carfagni, “Enhanced Effective Thickness of multi-layered laminated glass”, Composites Part B: Engineering, 2014, vol. 64, pp. 202-213, DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2014.04.018.

[59] E.Wölfel, “Nachgiebiger Verbund Eine Näherungslösung und deren Anwendungsmöglichkeiten”, Stahlbau, 1987, vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 173-180.

[60] S.J. Bennison, I. Stelzer, “Structural properties of laminated glass. Short course”, Glass Performance Days, Tampere, 2009.

[61] I. Calderone, P.S. Davies, S.J. Bennison, H. Xiaokun, L. Gang, “Effective laminated thickness for the design of laminated glass”, Glass Performance Days, Tampere, 2009, pp. 1-3.

[62] L. Galuppi, G. Royer-Carfagni, “The effective thickness of laminated glass plates”, Journal of Mechanics of Materials and Structures, 2012, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 375-400, DOI: 10.2140/jomms.2012.7.375.

[63] M. Gwóźdź, P. Woźniczka, “New static analysis methods for plates made of monolithic and laminated glass”, Archives of Civil Engineering, 2020, vol. 66, no. 4, pp. 593-603, DOI: 10.24425/ace.2020.135239.

[64] EN 13474-1:1999 Glass in building - Design of glass panes - Part 1: General basis of glass.

[65] CNR-DT 201:2013 Istruzioni per la Progettazione, l’Esecuzione ed il Controllo di Costruzioni con Elementi Strutturali di Vetro (Guide for the Design, Construction and Control of Buildings with Structural Glass Elements).

[66] L. Galuppi, G. Royer-Carfagni, “Effective thickness of laminated glass beams: New expression via a variational approach”, Engineering Structures, 2012, vol. 38, pp. 53-67, DOI: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.12.039.

[67] L. Galuppi, G. Royer-Carfagni, “Practical expressions for the design of laminated glass”, Composites: Part B, 2013, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 1677-1688, DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.09.073.

[68] L. Galuppi, G. Royer-Carfagni, “The effective thickness of laminated glass: Inconsistency of the formulation in proposal of EN-standards”, Composites: Part B, 2013, vol. 55, pp. 109-118, DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.05.025.

[69] L. Galuppi, G. Royer-Carfagni, “Enhanced effective thickness (EET) of curved laminated glass”, Annals Solid Structural Mechanics, 2015, vol. 7, pp. 71-92, DOI: 10.1007/s12356-015-0043-9.

[70] A. Nizich, L. Galuppi, “Enhanced Effective Thickness method for Cantilevered Laminated Glass Balustrades”, Glass Performance Days, Tampere, 2019, pp. 398-401.

[71] J. Schneider, “Next generation ionoplast for improved lamination”, Glass Performance Days, Tampere, 2019, pp. 61-63.

Downloads

Published

2022-06-30

How to Cite

Jóźwik, Anna. “Introduction to Structural Design of Glass According to Current European Standards”. Archives of Civil Engineering, vol. 68, no. 2, June 2022, pp. 147-70, doi:10.24425/ace.2022.140634.

Issue

Section

Articles

Similar Articles

<< < 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.