Tailoring Graphene Quantum Dots for Next-Generation Technologies: Energy, Environment and Health

Abstract

This review examines the design, properties, and applications of graphene quantum dots in energy, environmental, and health sectors. We discuss synthesis methodologies, highlighting the transition from zero-bandgap graphene to luminescent quantum-confined structures. The study details the integration of graphene quantum dots in photovoltaic architectures and lithium-ion batteries to improve stability and efficiency. Environmental sensing capabilities for metal ion detection are explored, emphasizing the safety of carbon-based dots over toxic heavy-metal alternatives. Biomedical applications, including bioimaging and photodynamic therapy, are evaluated with a focus on biocompatibility and renal clearance. Finally, challenges in large-scale production and commercialization are addressed.