Use of TDR technique to measure grain moisture content
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24425/mms.2024.150288Abstract
The Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) technique is widely employed across various industrial sectors due to its high speed and measurement selectivity. It is mainly used for measuring soil moisture or electrical conductivity. In this paper, the possibility of using this technique to measure moisture content of various seeds is analyzed. For this purpose, a commercial TDR meter - FOM2/mts with FP/mts - field TDR probe was used to measure dielectric permittivity for different seed species. The obtained results were then correlated with seed moisture content and calibration curves were proposed for each seed species. In addition, the effect of temperature on the dielectric permittivity readout was studied and a correction factor was proposed.References
[1] Flor, O., Palacios, H., Suárez, F., Salazar, K., Reyes, L., González, M., & Jiménez, K. (2022). New Sensing Technologies for Grain Moisture. Agriculture, 12(3), 386. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12030386
[2] Gawrysiak-Witulska, M., Siger, A., Wawrzyniak, J., & Nogala-Kalucka, M. (2011). Changes in tocochromanol content in seeds of Brassica napus L. during adverse conditions of storage. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 88, 1379-1385. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-011-1793-0
[3] Islam, M. S., Haque, M. M., & Hossain, M. S. (2015). Effect of corn moisture on the quality of poultry feed. Journal of Poultry Science and Technology, 3(2), 24-31.
[4] Majcher, J., Kafarski, M., Szypłowska, A., Wilczek, A., Lewandowski, A., Skierucha, W., & Staszek, K. (2023). Prototype of a sensor for measuring moisture of a single rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) using microwave reflectometry. Measurement, 112787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2023.112787
[5] Kasprzycka, A., Skiba, K., & Tys, J. (2010). Influence of storage conditions on microbial quality of rapeseed cake and middlings. International Agrophysics, 24, 261-265.
[6] International Organization for Standardization. (2020). Oilseeds - Determination of moisture and volatile matter content (PN-EN ISO 665:2020-09).
[7] Majcher, J. (2023). Determination of rapeseed moisture based on electrical parameters - a review. Przegląd Elektrotechniczny, 2023(12). https://doi.org/10.15199/48.2023.12.63
[8] Janas, S., & Kowalska, M. (2023). Accuracy of drying selected products using a moisture analyzer method based on infrared radiation. Metrology and Measurement Systems, 30(2). https://doi.org/10.24425/mms.2023.144873
[9] Nelson, S. O., & Trabelsi, S. (2016). Historical development of grain moisture measurement and other food quality sensing through electrical properties. IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine, 19(1), 16-23. https://doi.org/10.1109/MIM.2016.7384955
[10] Jones, S. B., Sheng, W., & Or, D. (2022). Dielectric measurement of agricultural grain moisture - theory and applications. Sensors, 22(6), 2083. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22062083
[11] D’Alvia, L., Serena, C., Barbara, P., Enrica, U., Apa, L., & Rizzuto, E. (2023). A Principal Component Analysis to detect cancer cell line aggressiveness. ACTA IMEKO, 12(2), 1-7.
[12] Semenov, A., Zviahin, O., Kryvinska, N., Semenova, O., & Rudyk, A. (2023). Device for measurement and control of humidity in crude oil and petroleum products. Metrology and Measurement Systems, 30(1), 195-208. https://doi.org/10.24425/mms.2023.144865
[13] Jaworski, M., Szatkowski, J., & Kossek, T. (2023). Determination of measurement uncertainty by a Monte Carlo method for an RF power sensor calibration system using a VNA. Metrology and Measurement Systems, 30(4), 703-720. https://doi.org/10.24425/mms.2023.147953
[14] Boguta, A., & Majcher, J. (2021). The method of determining seed moisture based on the signal generated by the piezoelectric plate. Przegląd Elektrotechniczny, 1, 127-129. https://doi.org/10.15199/48.2021.01.23
[15] Malicki, M. A., & Skierucha, W. (2002). Electric measurement of soil moisture using TDR. Acta Agrophysica, 72, 89-98.
[16] Suchorab, Z., Majerek, D., Kočí, V., & Černý, R. (2020). Time Domain Reflectometry flat sensor for non-invasive monitoring of moisture changes in building materials. Measurement, 165, 108091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2020.108091
[17] Jones, S. B., Wraith, J. M., Or, D. (2002). Time domain reflectometry measurement principles and applications. Hydrological Processes, 16, 141-153. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.513
[18] Suchorab, Z., Widomski, M. K., Łagód, G., Barnat-Hunek, D., & Majerek, D. (2018). A noninvasive TDR sensor to measure the moisture content of rigid porous materials. Sensors, 18(11), 3935. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18113935
[19] Bhuyan, H., Scheuermann, A., Bodin, D., & Becker, R. (2020). Soil moisture and density monitoring methodology using TDR measurements. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 21(10), 1263-1274. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2018.1537491
[20] Rasheed, M. W., Tang, J., Sarwar, A., Shah, S., Saddique, N., Khan, M. U., Imran Khan, M., Nawaz, S., Shamshiri, R. R., Aziz, M., & Sultan, M. (2022). Soil moisture measuring techniques and factors affecting the moisture dynamics: A comprehensive review. Sustainability, 14(18), 11538. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141811538
[21] He, H., Aogu, K., Li, M., Xu, J., Sheng, W., Jones, S. B., González-Teruel, J. D., Robinson, D. A., Horton, R., Bristow, K., Dyck, M., Filipović, V., Noborio, K., Wu, Q., Jin, H., Feng, H., Si, B., & Lv, J. (2021). A review of time domain reflectometry (TDR) applications in porous media. Advances in Agronomy, 168, 83-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.agron.2021.02.003
[22] Yu, L., Gao, W., R. Shamshiri, R., Tao, S., Ren, Y., Zhang, Y., & Su, G. (2021). Review of research progress on soil moisture sensor technology. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 14(4), 32-42. https://doi.org/10.34657/10037
[23] Singh, A., Gaurav, K., Sonkar, G. K., & Lee, C. C. (2023). Strategies to measure soil moisture using traditional methods, automated sensors, remote sensing, and machine learning techniques: review, bibliometric analysis, applications, research findings, and future directions. IEEE Access, 11, 13605-13635. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3243635
[24] Qin, A., Ning, D., Liu, Z., & Duan, A. (2021). Analysis of the accuracy of an FDR sensor in soil moisture measurement under laboratory and field conditions. Journal of Sensors, 2021, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6665829
[25] Brzyski, P., & Suchorab, Z. (2020). Capillary uptake monitoring in lime-hemp-perlite composite using the time domain reflectometry sensing technique for moisture detection in building composites. Materials, 13(7), 1677. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13071677
[26] Katsura, S. Y., Kosugi, K. I., & Mizuyama, T. (2008). Application of a coil-type TDR probe for measuring the volumetric water content in weathered granitic bedrock. Hydrological Processes: An International Journal, 22(6), 750-763. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6663
[27] Cataldo, A., Vallone, M., Tarricone, L., Cannazza, G., & Cipressa, M. (2009). TDR moisture estimation for granular materials: An application in agro-food industrial monitoring. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 58(8), 2597-2605. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2009.2015636
[28] Teixeira, B., Vieira, H., Martins, S., & Mendes, R. (2022). Quantitation of water addition in octopus using time domain reflectometry (TDR): Development of a rapid and non-destructive food analysis method. Foods, 11(6), 791. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11060791
[29] Malicki, M. A., & Kotliński, J. (1998). Dielectric determination of moisture of cereals grain using time domain reflectometry. International Agrophysics, 12(3), 209-215.
[30] Çalışır, S., Marakoğlu, T., Öğüt, H., & Öztürk, Ö. (2005). Physical properties of rapeseed (Brassica napus oleifera L.). Journal of Food Engineering, 69(1), 61-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2004.07.010
[31] E-TEST SP. Z O.O. (2024, June). www.e-test.eu
[32] Skierucha W. (2009). Temperature dependence of time domain reflectometry-measured soil dielectric permittivity. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 172(2), 186-193. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.200625216
[33] Szypłowska, A., Lewandowski, A., Kafarski, M., Szerement, J., Wilczek, A., Budzeń, M., Majcher, J., & Skierucha, W. (2023). Influence of Temperature on Soil Dielectric Spectra in the 20 MHz–3 GHz Frequency Range. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 61, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3313235
[34] Or, D., & Wraith, J. M. (1999). Temperature effects on soil bulk dielectric permittivity measured by time domain reflectometry: A physical model. Water Resources Research, 35(2), 371-383. https://doi.org/10.1029/1998WR900008
[35] Lu, M., Kapilaratne, J., & Kaihotsu, I. (2015). A data-driven method to remove temperature effects in TDR-measured soil water content at a Mongolian site. Hydrological Research Letters, 9(1), 8-13. https://doi.org/10.3178/hrl.9.8
[36] Palta, P., Kaur, P., & Mann, K. S. (2022). Dielectric behavior of soil as a function of frequency, temperature, moisture content and soil texture: a deep neural networks based regression model. Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy, 56(3), 145-167. https://doi.org/10.1080/08327823.2022.2103630
