Influence of parameters of an electron beam ion source on the fragmentation process of deuterated propane (C<sub>3</sub>D<sub>8</sub>)

Authors

  • Karol Szary Jan Kochanowski University, Institute of Physics, Uniwersytecka 7, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
  • Dariusz Banaś Jan Kochanowski University, Institute of Physics, Uniwersytecka 7, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
  • Ilona Stabrawa Jan Kochanowski University, Institute of Physics, Uniwersytecka 7, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
  • Regina Stachura Jan Kochanowski University, Institute of Physics, Uniwersytecka 7, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
  • Aldona Kubala-Kukuś Jan Kochanowski University, Institute of Physics, Uniwersytecka 7, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
  • Jacek Semaniak Jan Kochanowski University, Institute of Physics, Uniwersytecka 7, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
  • Paweł Jagodziński Jan Kochanowski University, Institute of Physics, Uniwersytecka 7, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
  • Daniel Sobota Jan Kochanowski University, Institute of Physics, Uniwersytecka 7, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
  • Marek Pajek Jan Kochanowski University, Institute of Physics, Uniwersytecka 7, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
  • Bartosz Majewski Gdańsk University of Technology, Institute of Physics and Computer Science, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
  • Marta Łabuda Gdańsk University of Technology, Institute of Physics and Computer Science, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24425/mms.2023.154679

Keywords

electron beam ion source, deuterated propane, electronic ionisation, mass spectrometry, molecular fragmentation

Abstract

In this work, the electron beam ion source (EBIS) was used to study the molecular fragmentation of the deuterated propane C3D8 molecules. The experiments were performed in the Kielce EBIS facility at Jan Kochanowski University (Kielce, Poland). During the measurements, the EBIS operated in the so-called leaky mode, which guaranteed a wide spectrum of fragmented ions with a constant value of the beam current. The molecular fragments produced in the source were charge-separated using a dipole magnet and detected with a Faraday cup connected to a high-sensitivity electrometer. The measured mass spectrum exhibited a variety of possible molecular fragments, including CD𝑥 (𝑥 = 0 - 3), C2D𝑥 (𝑥 = 0 - 5), and C3D𝑥 (𝑥 = 0 - 8). Systematic tests were performed to illustrate the influence of working gas pressure and current of the electron beam on the intensity of individual fragmentary ions.

References

[1] Kreller, M., Zschornack, G., Kentsch, U., & Heller, R. (2008). Molecule fragmentation at the Dresden EBIS-A. Review of Scientific Instruments, 79(2). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2804864

[2] Currell, F., & Fussmann, G. (2005). Physics of electron beam ion traps and sources. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 33(6), 1763-1777. https://doi.org/10.1109/tps.2005.860072

[3] Shirkov, G. D., & Zschornack, G. (1996). Electron Beam Ion Sources. In Electron Impact Ion Sources for Charged Heavy Ions (pp. 90-122). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-09896-6_4

[4] Zschornack, G., Schmidt, M., & Thorn, A. (2013) Electron Beam Ion Sources. CAS - CERN Accelerator School: Ion Sources (pp. 165-201). https://doi.org/10.5170/CERN-2013-007.165

[5] Kęcki Z.This work was co-financed by the Minister of Science of the Republic of Poland under the ”Regional Excellence Initiative” programme (project no.: RID/SP/0015/2024/01). The functioning of the facility is supported by the Polish Ministry of Education and Science (project 28/489259/SPUB/SP/2021). The calculations were performed at Gdańsk University of Technology and the Academic Computer Centre in Gdańsk (CI TASK). (2013). Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy. PWN Scientific Publishers

[6] Anbar, M., & Aberth, W. H. (1974). Field ionisation mass spectrometry: a new tool for the analytical chemist. Analytical Chemistry, 46(1), 59A-64A. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60337a712

[7] Dass, C. (2006). Fundamentals of Contemporary Mass Spectrometry. https://doi.org/10.1002/0470118490

[8] Gross, J. H. (2011). Mass spectrometry. In Springer eBooks. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-10711-5

[9] Lattimer, R. P., & Schulten, H. R. (1989). Field ionisation and field desorption mass spectrometry: past, present, and future. Analytical Chemistry, 61(21), 1201A-1215A. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00196a001

[10] Huang, Z., Jiang, Y., Dai, X., Zhou, M., & Fang, X. (2024). Improving the efficiency of soft electron ionisation by using the oscillatory movement of electrons. Metrology and Measurement Systems, 31(2), 353-367. https://doi.org/10.24425/mms.2024.149696

[11] Wei, F., Huang, Z., Dai, X., Fang, X., & Jin, S. (2023). Quantitative analysis of reaction gases or exhaust using an online process mass spectrometer. Metrology and Measurement Systems. 32(2) 337-352. https://doi.org/10.24425/mms.2023.144874

[12] Dantus, M. (2024). Tracking Molecular Fragmentation in Electron-Ionisation Mass Spectrometry with Ultrafast Time Resolution. Accounts of Chemical Research, 57(6), 845-854. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00713

[13] This work was co-financed by the Minister of Science of the Republic of Poland under the ”Regional Excellence Initiative” programme (project no.: RID/SP/0015/2024/01). The functioning of the facility is supported by the Polish Ministry of Education and Science (project 28/489259/SPUB/SP/2021). The calculations were performed at Gdańsk University of Technology and the Academic Computer Centre in Gdańsk (CI TASK). Dreebit, Instruction Manual for Ion Irradiation Facility L. Version: 1.0.

[14] Banaś, D., Braziewicz, J., Semaniak, J., & Pajek, M. (2010). The physics program at the Kielce EBIS-A facility. Journal of Instrumentation, 5(09), C09005. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/5/09/c09005

[15] Banaś, D., Jabłoński, Ł., Jagodziński, P., Kubala-Kukuś, A., Sobota, D., & Pajek, M. (2014). EBIS-A facility for the studies of X-ray emission from solids bombarded by highly charged ions. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research. Section B Beam: Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 354, 125-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2014.11.107

[16] McLafferty, F. W., & Turecek, F. (1993). Interpretation of Mass Spectra. 4th Edition. University Science Books.

[17] Dunning, T. H. (1989). Gaussian basis sets for use in correlated molecular calculations. I. The atoms boron through neon and hydrogen. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 90(2), 1007-1023. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.456153

[18] Frisch, M. J., Trucks, G. W., Schlegel, H. B., Scuseria, G. E., Robb, M. A., Cheeseman, J. R., Scalmani, G., Barone, V., Petersson, G. A., Nakatsuji, H. & at al., Gaussian 16 and Revision C.01. Gaussian and Inc. and Wallingford CT. https://gaussian.com/gaussian16/

[19] Grimme, S. (2013). Towards first principles calculation of electron impact mass spectra of molecules. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 52(24), 6306-6312. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201300158

[20] Bauer, C. A., & Grimme, S. (2016). How to Compute Electron Ionisation Mass Spectra from First Principles. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 120(21), 3755-3766. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.6b02907

Downloads

Published

2025-09-30

How to Cite

Szary, Karol, et al. “Influence of Parameters of an Electron Beam Ion Source on the Fragmentation Process of Deuterated Propane (C<sub>3< sub>D<sub>8< Sub>)”. Metrology and Measurement Systems, vol. 32, no. 3, Sept. 2025, pp. art. no. 8, 1-13, doi:10.24425/mms.2023.154679.

Issue

Vol. 32 No. 3 (2025)

Section

Articles