Understanding the Heterogeneity of Problematic Social Media Use Among University Students: A Latent Class Analysis

Abstract

Background: Problematic social media use among university students is increasingly recognized as a multidimensional phenomenon. However, few studies have examined its heterogeneity based on symptom severity and motivational pathways.

Objectives: This study aimed to identify distinct latent classes of social media users, assess psychological burden across classes defined by the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale.

Methods: A sample of 936 university students from Poland completed the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale and measures of depression, anxiety, loneliness, self-esteem, daily time spent on social media, and perceived excessive internet use. Latent class analysis was conducted.

Results: Four classes were identified: No-Risk/Minimal Symptoms (25.1%), Addictive Use/Severe Symptoms (15.0%), Gratification-Driven/Moderate Symptoms (34.4%), and Situational Use/Mild-Moderate Symptoms (25.5%). The two moderate-risk groups differed qualitatively: the Gratification-Driven class was characterized by the pursuit of positive experiences, whereas the Situational Use class reflected context-dependent engagement without strong emotional drivers. High-risk users reported significantly greater depression, anxiety, and lower self-esteem. Loneliness was elevated across all symptomatic classes but did not differentiate between them, suggesting its role as a transdiagnostic vulnerability factor.

Conclusions: The findings highlight the heterogeneity of problematic social media use among Polish university students and underscore the importance of addressing emotional vulnerabilities and motivational profiles in prevention and intervention efforts.