Assessment of toxic metal contamination and water source usage in mining-affected communities

Abstract

Coal mining activities often raise concerns about heavy metal contamination in surrounding water and soil, threatening environmental quality and public health. This study investigates the concentration of six toxic metals (Cu, Cd, Mn, Zn, Pb, and Fe) in water and soil samples collected around the PT. X in Riau Province, Indonesia mining site to assess environmental impacts and inform sustainable management. Sampling was conducted across multiple locations including pits, rivers, settlements, and operational areas during the rainy season. Exploratory descriptive analysis was conducted to compare measured metal concentrations with national and international quality standards. Results show that while most heavy metal levels remain below regulatory thresholds, iron concentrations in river water approach the permissible limit, indicating potential seasonal risks. Cadmium and lead were generally undetectable, highlighting effective pollution control. Soil samples showed localised exceedances of Cu, Zn, and Mn near riverine and residential areas, indicating site-specific contamination with potential ecological and human health implication. Despite available alternatives, local communities continue to rely heavily on river water, exposing them to potential health hazards. During the study period, most metal concentrations in water did not exceed current standards, whereas local exceedances of selected elements were observed in soil, thus seasonal monitoring, community education, and improved access to safe water are essential for environmental and public health protection.