Innovative technologies for protecting Ukraine’s critical energy infrastructure under wartime conditions

Abstract

This study was aimed at a comprehensive analysis of protection technologies for energy facilities of critical infrastructure in Ukraine under wartime conditions. The study used a mixedmethod approach combining literature review, comparative analysis, and evaluation of national and international data to assess protection technologies for critical energy infrastructure under wartime conditions. As a result of the study, it was noted that in 2021, Ukraine’s energy infrastructure had a capacity of 53.3 GW and produced 158.4 billion kWh, but after the Russian invasion in 2022, it lost two-thirds of its capacity – by mid-2024, it totaled ~15.4 GW due to the occupation of the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant and the destruction of key facilities. It was established that modern technologies and means of protection of energy facilities played an important role in ensuring the resilience of the energy system to physical and cyber threats, especially in the context of hybrid warfare. It was also noted that cybersecurity, reinforced by monitoring systems integrated with artificial intelligence, as well as technologies for data protection and network segmentation,
significantly improved the security of digital control systems, allowing resistance to sophisticated cyberattacks. Modern technologies, particularly 3D printing, allowed for the rapid production of spare parts for equipment, while modular transformers, compact and easy to transport, ensured the quick restoration of energy supply. The results of the study could be used to develop and implement comprehensive protection systems for energy facilities in Ukraine’s frontline regions, taking into account the real conditions of combat and limited resources.