Optimization of wind power generation in Kosovo based on GIS modelling and terrain data (GWA, SRTM, CORINE)

Abstract

The purpose of the study is to analyze the wind energy potential in Kosovo using geographic information systems, considering environmental and infrastructural factors. The research methodology is based on a comprehensive analysis using geographic information systems, which includes modeling wind speeds based on data from the Global Wind Atlas, assessing terrain
characteristics through the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission digital elevation model, filtering suitable areas according to land cover types and infrastructural constraints, and conducting a technoeconomic analysis to optimize locations and estimate annual electricity generation. Standardized land-use indicators (0.5 km²/MW) were applied to ensure accuracy. The results demonstrate that the wind energy potential of Kosovo offers opportunities for the development of renewable energy
capable of substantially reducing the region’s dependence on coal-fired power plants and supporting decarbonization objectives. The technical potential was estimated at 6,248 MW across an area of 3,124 km² suitable for wind turbine installation. However, after accounting for environmental constraints, topographical characteristics, and infrastructural factors, the most probable technical 36%), Mitrovica (497 MW, 28%), Gnjilane (220 MW, 12%), Peja (120 MW, 7%), Prizren (119 MW, 7%), Gjakova (98 MW, 6%), and Ferizaj (62 MW, 4%). The practically realizable potential, considering logistical and regulatory constraints, is estimated at 1,100–1,200 MW. The projected annual electricity generation, at a capacity factor of 0.3, reaches 4.66 million MWh/year, reducing CO₂ emissions by ~4.20 million tonnes per year. Flat and low-mountainous areas of Pristina and Mitrovica with slopes of less than 15 degrees and firm soils (agricultural land, implementation probability coefficient 0.9–1.0) were identified as optimal, as they ensure minimal costs. The findings contribute to the implementation of the objectives of the European Green Deal and the Energy Community, providing a foundation for the transition to sustainable energy through strategic planning of wind energy projects.